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Liquid Software on the Web

Prof. Cesare Pautasso
http://www.pautasso.info
[email protected]
@pautasso

University of Lugano (USI)

Faculty of Informatics

  • Opened 2004
  • 25 Professors
  • 125+ PhD/Postdoc researchers
  • Research: Software, Systems and Services Engineering
  • Award-winning Innovative Teaching Curriculum

Architecture, Design and Web Information Systems Engineering

  • BenchFlow - a benchmark for workflow engines
  • RESTful Conversation Modeling
  • ASQ - Interactive Scalable Lectures
  • Parallel JavaScript/Multicore Node.JS
  • SAW - Collaborative Architectural Decision Making
  • NaturalMash - Web Service Composition with Natural Language

http://design.inf.usi.ch

Liquid Software

A metaphor for pervasive software systems

A Brief History of the Liquid Metaphor

Memory Leaks

Money Leaks

Liquid Information Environment (1996)

Frode Hegland

The connection, the flow, between people, information and tools becomes fluid

Target: User Experience, Information Integration

Liquid Software (1998)

University of Arizona, Princeton University

Software that easily flows from machine to machine

Target: Active Networks, Compilers

Liquid Modernity (1999)

Zygmunt Bauman

Target: Sociology

Fluid Computing (2003)

IBM Zurich Research Lab

Replication and real-time synchronisation of application states on several devices. The application state flows as a 'fluid' between devices.

Target: Multi-device applications, Replicated State Synchronization

Niagara (2005)

Sun (now Oracle)

Target: Multi-threaded-Multi-Core CPUs

Think Liquid (2005)

BEA (now Oracle)

Target: SOA, integration agility

LiquidPub (2008-2011)

U. Trento et al.

Target: Scientific Publishing on the Web

Firehose API (2010)

Twitter

Target: Streaming Data Source (50Mtweets/day)

Liquid Web Services (2011)

USI Lugano

Services fill up any container capacity

Target: Elastic Scalability, Cloud and Multicores

Liquid Web Streams (2013)

USI Lugano

Dynamic (re)deployment of JavaScript operators on Web servers and Web browsers

Target: Stream processing for Web of Things

Liquid Software Manifesto (2014)

TU Tampere

Roaming between multiple devices shall be as casual, fluid and hassle-free as possible

Target: Multi-device programming

Liquid Software Manifesto

Liquid Manifesto

  1. Users shall be able to effortlessly roam between all the computing devices that they have
  2. Roaming between multiple devices shall be as casual, fluid and hassle-free as possible; device maintenance and device management shall be hidden from the users.
  3. User’s applications and data shall be synchronized transparently between all the computing devices
  4. Roaming between multiple devices shall include the transportation / synchronization of the full state of each application, so that the users can seamlessly continue their previous activities on any device
  5. Any device from any vendor should be able to run liquid software, assuming the device has a large enough screen, suitable input mechanisms, and adequate computing power, connectivity mechanisms and storage capacity
  6. users shall remain in full control regarding the liquidity of applications and data. If the user wishes certain functionality or data to be accessible only on a single device, the user shall be able to define this in a simple, intuitive fashion
  1. Today users have many devices
  2. Hassle-free multi-device roaming
  3. Transparent Data Synchronization
  4. Strong Code Mobility
  5. Portability, Flexibility, Adaptability
  6. Backwards compatibility

Liquid User Experience

Collaboration Types

Distributed User Interfaces

Distribution Dimensions

  • Time: Synchronous, Asynchonous
  • Space: Co-located, Remote
  • Input: Single Device, Multi-Device
  • Output: Single Device, Multi-Device
  • Platform: Single Device, Multi-Device
  • User: Single User, Multi-User

Input Redirection

Output Redirection

Migration: Pull

Migration: Push

Liquid Code Deployment

Code Mobility

Code (sometime also its execution state) migrates across execution nodes.

Movement can be determined from within the code (autonomous agent) or triggered by its environment (fault tolerance, load balancing, consolidation)

Liquid Code Deployment

Liquid deployment runs code on the most suitable device, offloading work elsewhere to trade off:

  • Mobile device battery, energy consumption
  • Network communication (latency/bandwidth/cost)
  • CPU speed
  • Cloud rental fees

When are offloading decisions made?

  • Static: deployment time
  • Dynamic: invocation time, adaptation time
  • Never: invoke both and see which one is faster

Liquid Storage

Centralized

Centralized with Cache

Centralized: Master/Slave

Centralized: Update Everywhere

Decentralized

Replication

CAP Theorem

Consistency

All replicas agree on the latest version of their state

Availability

Every request routed to a non-failing replica must result in a response

Partition Tolerance

The network will be allowed to loose arbitrarily many messages between replicas

CAP Theorem

"C and A and P"
not possible for decentralized systems

CAP Theorem Proof

Eventual Consistency

Availability prioritized at the expense of strong consistency.

During the recovery of a partition, conflicts between multiple inconsistent states needs to be resolved (e.g., last writer wins).

Liquid Storage Challenges

Full Replication not an option
(limited by the smallest device storage capacity)

Partitions happen frequently
(devices not always online at the same time)

Single user making localized changes may simplify conflict resolution

Expensive to synchronize everything through the Cloud

Conclusion

  • The Liquid Software Metaphor describes how the user experience with multi device environments should be
  • This has implications on the deployment architecture of Web applications, and also on how their state and data are stored
  • Liquid Software provides a local Cloud obtained with devices owned and controlled by the user

References

  • Frode Hegland, Sarah Walton, Liquid Information Environment, 1996
  • John J. Hartman, Peter Bigot, Patrick Bridges, Brady Montz, Rob Piltz, Oliver Spatscheck, Todd A. Proebsting, Larry L. Peterson, Andy Bavier, Joust: a platform for liquid software, Computer, vol.32, no.4, pp.50-56, Apr 1999
  • Daniela Bourges-Waldegg, Yann Duponchel, Marcel Graf, Michael Moser, The Fluid Computing Middleware: Bringing Application Fluidity to the Mobile Internet, SAINT 2005
  • Daniele Bonetta, Cesare Pautasso, An Architectural Style for Liquid Web Services, WICSA 2011
  • Antero Taivalsaari, Tommi Mikkonen, Kari Systä, Liquid Software Manifesto: The Era of Multiple Device Ownership and Its Implications for Software Architecture, COMPSAC 2014
  • Tommi Mikkonen, Kari Systä, Cesare Pautasso, Towards Liquid Web Applications, ICWE 2015
  • Masiar Babazadeh, Andrea Gallidabino, Cesare Pautasso, Decentralized Stream Processing over Web-enabled devices, ESOCC 2015
  • Galen Gruman, Welcome to the next tech revolution: Liquid computing, InfoWorld, Jul 15, 2014.
  • Robert Johansen, Groupware: computer support for business teams, Free Press, 1998

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